Data Analysis
Weekly Comprehension Check Analysis
Weekly comprehension checks were the first piece of data that showed growth from the majority of students. These checks helped evaluate where my students were each week and the effect that targeted questioning had on my students. The comprehension checks impacted student learning because I was alerted to the areas needing more instruction and then provided that. For example, my orange group struggled with the main idea of the passage. Realizing this, I was able to focus my targeted questions around the main idea because I understood the need to reteach this key concept to my students to improve their reading achievement. Overall, the students improved their scores from the first week to the last; however, throughout the course of the study, many students showed dips. The most common decline in scores throughout all data points was week three. The declines throughout were due to the level of books. After talking with my literacy coach, I realized the use of different level books were used to create growth within students. Changing book levels challenges my students and creates a deeper level of thinking for them as they gain new skills to comprehend the text. During week three, student growth indicated that they were ready to move up levels in text selection. Moving groups up in text difficulty affected their comprehension check scores. This was seen in the red group partially as four of the five students scores dipped, while the other student stayed the same. Following this move in text difficulty, not only did the red groups' scores dip but many other students in other groups dipped as well. The scores dipped briefly, but, then improved throughout the study.
Another reason for the decline during week three is due to switching from reading a novel to reading our short texts during guided reading. The change in book type was tough for students as we transitioned from a fiction novel to nonfiction short texts. This was not only a change in our type of book but also our routine within the class. Students went from reading the same book over a period of time to reading a short text in a short period of time. Our schedule, during the time of this study, was also skewed due to the number of snow days which affected instructional time. Even with the altered day, students had an overall trend of growth throughout the study. An area of concern was student 5 in the blue group. This student's scores were steady with a large dip during week six. This told me that the text chosen that week was too difficult for that student. Using that information helped determine if this student was in the correct group. Their other scores were at approaching, which means they are close to being proficient. The use of other data collections was needed to make a decision on student 5. The group that was able to show the greatest amount of growth was my students achieving below grade level expectations, as seen in the green group graph to the left. This group also received instruction twice a day compared to the other groups only receiving instruction three times a week during guided reading. Students reading above grade level expectations had the most fluctuation of scores. These students received tougher questions throughout the study. These groups had questions that focused more on story structure, main idea, theme, and other key reading concepts. They needed less practice with within the text questions and more with beyond and about the text questions. I differentiated the group’s questions to meet this need. Asking higher level questions to these students encouraged them to ask questions as they read and create conversations during guided reading on why the author chose to write a certain way. The data showed growth throughout the study, but with setbacks, followed by an increase in achievement.
Whole Group Weekly Comprehension Quizzes
The second piece of data that I analyzed was our whole group weekly comprehension quizzes. The data of these scores showed me that my students, again, struggled during week three. Outside factors may have played a role in this dip, as well. I choose to look at this data by taking the average scores of my class. The line graph shows a steady growth overall, through the six weeks. At the same time, week three and week six scores declined. During these two weeks, the passages were a nonfiction text. The scores' dip showed me that my students needed more instruction with nonfiction text. Throughout our school year, the majority of our texts and passages had been fiction until we started this unit. I believe the change in genre affected the performance of the students. This data helped guide my instruction to focus on more nonfiction reading during guided reading. As I included more nonfiction texts, I also used this information to change the types of targeted questions that were asked. I focused more on nonfiction text features with the students. The data showed that students needed more instruction with nonfiction texts. It impacted the students and helped them become more comfortable with nonfiction and start using some of the same strategies that apply with fiction stories. I have found that students are less interested in nonfiction stories. Being able to connect the story to my students became more difficult while reading a nonfiction text. Looking at week one compared to week six, students showed growth. The use of targeted questioning during guided reading helped my students understand what these questions were asking; leading to growth in data. Armed with this information, I was able to change the types of questions that were being asked. The overall growth tells me that targeted questioning during guided reading also impacted whole group reading comprehension.
Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Testing
The third piece of data that I analyzed was our Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark scores. Benchmark data provides information based upon the complexity of a text; the levels ranging from R to Z gives an educator insight into how well a student comprehends texts of varying difficulty. I chose to do this so I could see the full shift in growth. Looking at the data, it showed that, as a class, our reading achievement grew. There was no longer anyone at level R, and five students grew to level Z. The data showed an increase in the X-Z levels, which are where students need to be in 6th grade. This showed, as a class, we were able to advance throughout the study. This benchmark paved the way for me to see who now fits in which group and what books are on their instructional level. I think that using targeted questioning with books during guided reading at the students’ level or just above helped students grow and become more comfortable with their comprehension skills and abilities with any level of text. Teaching at a student's instructional level allows students to be comfortable with the text and able to access a deeper level of thinking. Students can answer the targeted questions more efficiently and build off of each other's answers when grouped by reading level. Using benchmark testing I was able to understand their instructional level and, in turn, made it possible for students to perform at a level they could develop to become a better reader. Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark testing was necessary for this study to be able to show how targeted questioning effects all aspects of reading achievement.
Impacts on Students
Throughout this process, student impact was made due to the targeted questioning in guided reading. Previous to incorporating targeted questioning, students were not fully engaged in conversations and struggled to make connections to the text. After the study of targeted questioning within guided reading was completed, student engagement and willingness to participate was high. By week six, students started to build off of the questions I presented them and asked questions of their own. Other students started to answer classmates’ questions. Students began to guide each other to the correct answer, rather than just answering it for one another. This breakthrough demonstrated a deeper level of thinking within the students and enabled them to make connections with the text and the author. The energy that students brought to guided reading was up as well. Students became eager to have their voice heard. They became curious about why the author chose to write a certain way or incorporated certain details. As students became more excited and willing, their scores started to reflect that. The incorporation of targeted questioning engaged the students and made them more curious about the text, which enhanced their overall reading achievement.
Triangulation of Data
Each piece of data was affected by targeted questioning and showed common trends throughout. The data shows, in all three collection methods, that the students showed growth in their reading by moving up book levels, increasing comprehension quiz scores, and improving comprehension check scores. The use of targeted questioning, during guided reading, created growth but also translated over to whole group instruction and the students overall reading achievement. This data supports the study, as a whole, with the exception of week three, which did not affect the overall growth in reading. The decrease in scores explained that switching from fiction to nonfiction and changing levels of texts affects the student's comprehension. The three data methods confirmed that the use of targeted questioning increases overall reading achievement as students showed growth in benchmark testing. Data also confirmed that the use of targeted questioning in guided reading carries over to whole group instruction as average scores in whole group reading comprehension quizzes increased.
Questions that Arose
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How can I use targeted questioning during guided reading to help increase overall reading achievement?
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Has my planning for error using targeted questioning increased my ability to teach or was it the natural growth of my students they increased their reading?
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What other instructional strategies can I use with targeted questioning to improve student achievement and my instruction?